Virgin Excavated Natural Material (VENM) is defined in the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 as ‘natural material (such as clay, gravel, sand, soil or rock fines) [...]
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Contamination affects every country in the world. Contamination occurs in both soils and water at sites where, or close to where, industrial activities occured. These include former factories and tannaries, fuel dumps and chemical stores, service stations, munitions plants, farm livestock dips, timber treatment plants, oil and chemical refineries, landfills and the sediments of rivers etc where waste has in the past been piped for [...] Landfarming is a bioremediation technique. Contaminated soils, sediments and sludges can be spread on the ground and periodically tilled to aerate and encourage bacterial growth. Contaminants are degraded, transformed, and immobilized by microbiological processes and by [...] Remediating a contaminated site requires numerous unique issues. One of these is the impact of a remote or iscolated site on the scheduling and completion of site [...] Cement stabilisation is a remedial treatment technology used for contaminated soils. It results in the encapsulation of contaminants, an increase in compressive strength and a decrease in the permeability of contaminated [...] Capping a contaminated site is a relatively low budget means of containing the contaminants onsite. Capping materials can be both natural and synthetic and the complexity of the systems that they are used are dependent upon numerous [...] Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) are often found associated with industrial processes. They often contain diesel, unleaded petrol, leaded petrol, heating oil, kerosine, aviation fuel and waste [...] Contaminated site remediation can at a glance appear to be daunting. The processes may seem complex and the language that professionals use indecipherable. The good news is that the key processes that are required to remediate a site are standard and once you pick up a few key terms professional language is not the alien language that it initially seems. The following processes are used in the remediation of a contaminated site: |
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